Literature List

This literature list is based on the master list and structured thematically. Each reference is placed in one primary category.

Core / EMG / biomechanics

Adams M A, Dolan P. Perspective Spine biomechanics, J Biomech 38, 2005.

Afyon YA. Effect of core training on 16 year-old soccer players. Educ Res Rev. 2014.

Afyon YA. The effect of core training on some motoric features of University footballers. J Educ Train Stud. 2019.

Aguilera-Castells J, Buscà B, Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A, Montalvo AM, Peña J. Muscle activation in suspension training: a systematic review. Sports Biomech. 2020.

Akuthota and S. F. Nadler, “Core strengthening,” Arch Phys Med Rehabil, vol. 85, no. 3 Suppl 1, pp. S86–S92, Mar. 2004.

Akuthota V, Ferreiro A, Moore T, Fredericson M. Core stability exercise principles. Curr Sports Med Rep 7: 39–44, 2008.

Akuthota V, Nadler SF. Core strengthening. Arch Phys Med Rehabil ;85(3 Suppl 1): S86-92. 2004.

Akuthota V, Nadler SF. Core strengthening. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004.

Andersen V, Fimland MS, Gunnarskog A, Jungard GA, Slattland RA, Vraalsen OF, et al. Core Muscle Activation in One-Armed and Two-Armed Kettlebell Swing. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(5):1196-204. Epub /10/17. 2015.

Andersen V, Fimland MS, Gunnarskog A, Jungård GA, Slåttland RA, Vraalsen ØF, Saeterbakken AH. Core Muscle Activation in One-Armed and Two-Armed Kettlebell Swing. J Strength Cond Res. 2016.

Andersen V, Fimland MS, Saeterbakken A. Trunk Muscle Activity in One- and Two-Armed American Kettlebell Swing in Resistance-Trained Men. Sports Med Int Open. 2019;3(1):E12-E8. Epub /03/27. PubMed PMID: 30911671; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6428676. DOI: 10.1055/a-0869-7228. 2019.

Arokoski JP, Valta T, Airaksinen O, Kankaanpaa M. Back and abdominal muscle function during stabilization exercises. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 82: 1089–1098, 2001.

Aslan AK, Erkmen N, Aktas S, Güven F. Postural control and functional performance after core training in young soccer players. Mov Health Exerc. 2018.

Aslani M, Yamchi FR, Mozafaripour E. The efficacy of an eight-week core stability exercise program in suspended and stable conditions on the muscle activation and functional disability of amateur soccer players with non-specific chronic low back pain. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2025.

Asplund CA, Ross M. Core stability and bicycling. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2010.

Aycicek HB, Karakayali G, Gurcay E. Scott Influence of core stabilization exercise on physical function and muscle thickness in patients with chronic stroke: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Med J. 2024. Baik, S. M., Cynn, H. S., Yi, C. H., Lee, J. H., Choi, J. H., & Lee, K. E. (). Effect of side- sling plank exercise on trunk and hip muscle activation in subjects with gluteus medius weakness. Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation, 10.3233/BMR-210061. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-210061. 2021.

Bao Z, Wang S, Li Z. Effects of unstable training on muscle activation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of electromyographic studies. PeerJ. 2025.

Barker, K. T. Guggenheimer, I. Grkovic, C. A. Briggs, D. C. Jones, C. D. L. Thomas, and P. W. Hodges, “Effects of tensioning the lumbar fasciae on segmental stiffness during flexion and extension,” Spine, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 397–405, Feb. 2006.

Barr K, Griggs M, CadbyT. Lumbar stabilization core concepts and current literature. Part 1. Am J Phys Med Rehab. Jun;84(6):473-80. 2005.

Barr, M. Griggs, and T. Cadby, “Lumbar stabilization: Core concepts and current literature, part 1,” American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, vol. 84, no. 6, pp. 473–480, Jun. 2005.

Bayrakdar A, Boz HK, Isildar Ö. The investigation of the effect of static and dynamic core training on performance on football players. Turk J of Sport and Exer. 2020.

Behm DG, Drinkwater EJ, Willardson JM, Cowley PM, Canadian Society for Exercise P. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology position stand: the use of instability to train the core in athletic and nonathletic conditioning. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2010.

Behm DG, Drinkwater EJ, Willardson JM, Cowley PM. The use of instability to train the core musculature. Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism-Physiologie Appliquee Nutrition Et Metabolisme. ; 35(1):91–108. 2010.

Behm DG, Leonard AM, Young WB, Bonsey WA, MacKinnon SN. Trunk muscle electromyographic activity with unstable and unilateral exercises. J Strength Cond Res. ;19(1):193-201. 2005.

Behm DG, Leonard AM, Young WB, Bonsey WAC, MacKinnon SN. Trunk muscle electromyographic activity with unstable and unilateral exercises. J Strength Cond Res. 2005.

Bergmark A. Stability of the lumbar spine. A study in mechanicalengineering. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 1989.

Biscarini A, Contemori S, Grolla G. Activation of Scapular and Lumbopelvic Muscles During Core Exercises Executed on a Whole-Body Wobble Board. J Sport Rehabil. 2019.

Blasimann A, Eberle S, Scuderi MM. Effect of Core Muscle Strengthening Exercises (Including Plank and Side Plank) on Injury Rate in Male Adult Soccer Players: A Systematic Review. Sportverletz Sportschaden. 2018 Mar;32(1):35-46. doi: 10.1055/a-0575-2324. Epub 2018.

Borghuis J, Hof AL, Lemmink KA. The importance of sensory-motor control in providing core stability: implications for measurement and training. Sports Med. 2008.

Bouillon LE, Wilhelm J, Eisel P, Wiesner J, Rachow M, Hatteberg L. Electromyographic assessment of muscle activity between genders during unilateral weight-bearing tasks using adjusted distances. Int J Sports Phys Ther. ; 7(6):595–605. PMID: 23316423. 2012.

Boynton AM, Truong TE, Luttmer NG, Merryweather AS, Minor MA, Carrier DR. Axial muscle activation provides stabilization against perturbations while running. Hum Mov Sci. 2023.

Brown SHM, McGill SM. Muscle force–stiffness characteristics influence joint stability: A spine example. Clin Biomech 20 () 917–922. 2005.

Bustos Carvajal JS, Arias Coronel F. Exploring the role of the core in sports performance: a systematic review of the effects of core muscle training. Front Sports Act Living. 2025.

Butcher SJ, Craven BR, Chilibeck PD, Spink KS, Grona SL, Sprigings EJ. The effect of trunk stability training on vertical takeoff velocity. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007.

Calatayud J, Casana J, Martin F, Jakobsen MD, Colado JC, Andersen LL. Progression of Core Stability Exercises Based on the Extent of Muscle Activity. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017; 96(10):694–9. Epub /02/06. 2017.

Calatayud J, Casana J, Martin F, Jakobsen MD, Colado JC, Gargallo P, et al. Trunk muscle activity during different variations of the supine plank exercise. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2017; 28:54–8. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.msksp..01.011 PMID: 28171779. 2017.

Campbell BM, Kutz MR, Morgan AL, Fullenkamp AM, Ballenger R. An evaluation of upper-body muscle activation during coupled and uncoupled instability resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 2014.

Chang M, Slater LV, Corbett RO, Hart JM, Hertel J. Muscle activation patterns of the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex during walking gait before and after exercise. Gait Posture. 2017.

Chang WD, Lin HY, Lai PT. Core strength training for patients with chronic low back pain. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015.

Cholewicki J, Juluru K, McGill SM, et al. Intra-abdominal pressure mechanism for stabilizing the lumbar spine. J Biomech ; 32(1): 13-7. 1999.

Cholewicki J, VanVliet JJt. Relative contribution of trunk muscles to the stability of the lumbar spine during isometric exertions. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2002; 17(2):99–105. Epub /02/08. PMID: 11832259. 2002.

Clark AW, Goedeke MK, Cunningham SR, Rockwell DE, Lehecka BJ, Manske RC, et al. Effects of pelvic and core strength training on high school cross-country race times. J Strength Cond Res. 2017.

Clark KM, Holt LE, Sinyard J. Electromyographic comparison of the upper and lower rectus abdominis during abdominal exercises. J Strength Cond Res 17: 475–483, 2003.

Comerford MJ, Mottram SL. Movement and stability dysfunction–contemporary developments. Man Ther. 2001.

Comerford MJ, Mottram SL. Movement and stability dysfunction–contemporary developments. Man Ther. ;6(1):15–26. 2001.

Comfort P, Pearson SJ, Mather D. An electromyographical comparison of trunk muscle activity during isometric trunk and dynamic strengthening exercises. J Strength Cond Res. ; 25(1):149–54. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181fb412f PMID: 21157393. 2011.

Cortell-Tormo JM, García-Jaén M, Chulvi-Medrano I, Hernández-Sánchez S, Lucas-Cuevas ÁG, Tortosa-Martínez J. Influence of Scapular Position on the Core Musculature Activation in the Prone Plank Exercise. J Strength Cond Res. 2017.

Cosio-Lima LM, Reynolds KL, Winter C, Paolone V, Jones MT. Effects of physioball and conventional floor exercises on early phase adaptations in back and abdominal core stability and balance in women. J Strength Cond Res. ; 17(4):721–5. 2003.

Cram JR, Kasman GS, Electrode placement. Introduction to Surface Electromyography. Cram JR, Kasman GS, Holz J, eds. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen, . pp. 371–375. 1998.

Curi GOBDC, Costa FDD, Medeiros VS, Barbosa VD, Santos TRT, Dionisio VC. The effects of core muscle fatigue on lower limbs and trunk during single-leg drop landing: A comparison between recreational runners with and without dynamic knee valgus. Knee. 2024.

Dahl KS, van den Tillaar R. The effect of eight weeks of slingbased training with rotational core exercises on ball velocity in female team handball players. J Hum Kinet. 2021.

Davidek P, Andel R, Kobesova A. Influence of Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization Approach on Maximum Kayak Paddling Force. Journal of Human Kinetics volume 61/, 15-27. 2018.

De Blaiser C, Roosen P, Willems T, Danneels L, Bossche LV, De Ridder R. Is core stability a risk factor for lower extremity injuries in an athletic population? A systematic review. Phys Therapy Sport. 2018.

Desai I, Marshall PW. Acute effect of labile surfaces during core stability exercises in people with and without low back pain. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. ; 20(6):1155–62. 2010.

Dinunzio C, Porter N, Van Scoy J, Cordice D, McCulloch RS. Alterations in kinematics and muscle activation patterns with the addition of a kipping action during a pull-up activity. Sports Biomech. 2019.

Ditroilo M, O'Sullivan R, Harnan B, Crossey A, Gillmor B, Dardis W, Grainger A. Water-filled training tubes increase core muscle activation and somatosensory control of balance during squat. J Sports Sci. 2018.

Doğanay M, Bingül BM, Álvarez-García C. Effect of core training on speed, quickness and agility in young male football players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2020.

Ekstrom RA, Donatelli RA, Carp KC. Electromyographic analysis of core trunk, hip, and thigh muscles during 9 rehabilitation exercises. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. ; 37(12):754–62. 2007.

Escamilla RF, Lewis C, Bell D, Bramblet G, Daffron J, Lambert S, Pecson A, Imamura R, Paulos L, Andrews JR. Core muscle activation during Swiss ball and traditional abdominal exercises. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010.

Escamilla RF, McTaggart MS, Fricklas EJ, DeWitt R, Kelleher P, Taylor MK, Hreljac A, Moorman CT. An electromyographic analysis of commercial and common abdominal exercises: implications for rehabilitation and training. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2006.

Fenwick CM, Brown SH, McGill SM. Comparison of different rowing exercises: trunk muscle activation and lumbar spine motion, load, and stiffness. J Strength Cond Res. ; 23(2):350–8. 2009.

Ferber R, Bolgla L, Earl-Boehm JE, Emery C, Hamstra-Wright K. Strengthening of the hip and core versus knee muscles for the treatment of patellofemoral pain: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Athl Train. 2015.

Filipezyk, P., Filipezyk, K., & Saulicz, E. Influence of Stabilization Techniques Used in the Treatment of Low Back Pain on the Level of Kinesiophobia. International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021;18(12);6393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126393 Rotational Core Exercises on Ball Velocity in Female Team Handball Players. Journal of Updated August 2022.

Garcia-Vaquero MP, Moreside JM, Brontons-Gil E, Peco-Gonzalez N, Vera-Garcia FJ. Trunk muscle activation during stabilization exercises with single and double leg support. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2012.

Genc H, Cigerci AE, Sever O. Effect of 8-week core training exercises on physical and physiological parameters of female handball players. Phys Educ Stud. 2019.

Genc H, Cigerci AE. The effect of core exercise on body composition, selected strength and performance skills in child soccer players. Intl J Appl Exerc Phys. 2020.

Gencer YG. Effects of 8-week core exercises on free style swimming performance of female swimmers aged 9–12. Asian J Edu Train. 2018.

Golob I, Opara Zupančič M, Kozinc Ž. Abdominal Hollowing vs. Abdominal Bracing: A Scoping Review of Clinical Trials on Effectiveness for Trunk Stability and Rehabilitation. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol, 2024.

Gottschall JS, Mills J, Hastings B. Integration core exercises elicit greater muscle activation than isolation exercises. J Strength Cond Res. 2013.

Gottschall, JS, Mills, J, and Hastings, B. Integration core exercises elicit greater muscle activation than isolation exercises. J Strength Cond Res 27(3): 590–596, 2013.

Granacher U, Gollhofer A, Hortobagyi T, Kressig RW, Muehlbauer T. The importance of trunk muscle strength for balance, functional performance, and fall prevention in seniors: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2013.

Guimaraes AC, Vaz MA, De Campos MI, Marantes R. The contribution of the rectus abdominis and rectus femoris in twelve selected abdominal exercises. An electromyographic study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 31: 222–230, 1991.

Gutin B, Lipetz S. An electromyographic investigation of the rectus abdominis in abdominal exercises. Res Q 42: 256–263, 1971.

Hamlyn N, Behm DG, Young WB. Trunk muscle activation during dynamic weight-training exercises and isometric instability activities. J Strength Cond Res. 2007.

Hanan A, Asad U, Asghar N, Ashfaq S, Naseem Z, Zafar I, Jahan S, Safdar G, Shams H, Kiyani MM. Effect of core muscle strengthening on throwing velocity in cricket players in Pakistan: a 6-week randomized controlled trial. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2022.

Haugen, T., L. Haugvad, and V. Røstad, Effects of Core-Stability Training on Performance and Injuries in Competitive Athletes. Sportscience, . 20: p. 1-7. 2016.

He R, Ren L. Evaluation of the benefits of respirator breathing and vomiting training and dynamic core training on improving respiratory muscle strength. Respir Med. 2025.

Hernandez-Lucas P, Escobio-Prieto I, Moro López-Menchero P. Effects of Hypopressive Techniques on the CORE Complex: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel). 2025.

Hibbs AE, Thompson KG, French D, Wrigley A, Spears I. Optimizing performance by improving core stability and core strength. Sports Med. 2008.

Hibbs AE, Thompson KG, French DN, Hodgson D, Spears IR. Peak and average rectified EMG measures: which method of data reduction should be used for assessing core training exercises? J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2011.

Hibbs, A.E., et al., Optimizing performance by improving core stability and core strength. Sports Med, . 38(12): p. 995-1008 http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200838120-00004. 2008.

Hill J, Leiszler M. Review and role of plyometrics and core rehabilitation in competitive sport. Curr. Sports Med Rep, ; 10:345–351. 2011.

Hirashima M, Kadota H, Sakurai S, Kudo K, Ohtsuki T. Sequential muscle activity and its functional role in the upper extremity and trunk during overarm throwing. J Sports Sci. 2002.

Hlaing SS, Puntumetakul R, Khine EE, Boucaut R. Effects of core stabilization exercise and strengthening exercise on proprioception, balance, muscle thickness and pain related outcomes in patients with subacute nonspecific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021.

Hodges PW, Moseley LG. Pain and motor control of the lumbopelvic region: effect and possible mechanisms. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 13 () 361–370. 2003.

Hodges PW. Is there a role for transversus abdominis in lumbo-pelvic stability? Man Ther. 1999.

Hofste, A., et al., Intramuscular EMG Versus Surface EMG of Lumbar Multifidus and Erector Spinae in Healthy Participants. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), . 45(20): p. E1319-E1325 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000003624. 2020.

Holm a,∗, Indahl b, Solomonow. Sensorimotor control of the spine. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 12, 2002.

Hung KC, Chung HW, Yu CC, Lai HC, Sun FH. Effects of 8-week core training on core endurance and running economy. PLoS One. 2019.

Huxel Bliven KC, Anderson BE. Core Stability Training for Injury Prevention Sports Health. Nov; 5(6): 514–522. 2013.

Huxel Bliven KC, Anderson BE. Core stability training for injury prevention. Sports Health. 2013.

Imai A, Kaneoka K, Okubo Y, Shiraki, H. Effects of two types of trunk exercises on balance and athletic performance in youth soccer players. Int J Sports Phys Ther, ; 9: 47–57. 2014.

Jamison ST, McNally MP, Schmitt LC, Chaudhari AM. The effects of core muscle activation on dynamic trunk position and knee abduction moments: implications for ACL injury. J Biomech. 2013.

Jeong J, Choi DH, Shin CS. Core Strength Training Can Alter Neuromuscular and Biomechanical Risk Factors for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury. Am J Sports Med. 2021.

Jo SH, Choi HJ, Cho HS, Yoon JH, Lee WY. Effect of Core Balance Training on Muscle Tone and Balance Ability in Adult Men and Women. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022.

Johnson CD, Whitehead PN, Pletcher ER, Faherty MS, Lovalekar MT, Eagle SR, Keenan KA. The Relationship of Core Strength and Activation and Performance on Three Functional Movement Screens. J Strength Cond Res. 2018.

Kanlı K, Hare Yigitoglu P, Özgül A. Turk J Investigation of the effects of different treatment approaches on lumbar stabilizer muscles and diaphragm motility in individuals with chronic low back pain. Phys Med Rehabil. 2024.

Karpinski J, Rejdych W, Brzozowska D, Golas A, Sadowski W, Swinarew AS, et al. The effects of a 6-week core exercises on swimming performance of national level swimmers. PLoS One. 2020.

Karthikbabu S, Ganesan S, Ellajosyula R, Solomon JM, Kedambadi RC, Mahabala C. Core Stability Exercises Yield Multiple Benefits for Patients With Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2022.

Kaushik M, Ahmad I. Bridging Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization Synergism with Movement Control Impairment Related Non-Specific Low Back Pain: Scoping Review. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2024.

Kernc D, Strojnik V, Vengust R. Early initiation of a strength training based rehabilitation after lumbar spine fusion improves core muscle strength: a randomized controlled trial. J Orthop Surg Res. 2018.

Khosrokiani Z, Letafatkar A, Sheikhi B, Thomas AC, Aghaie-Ataabadi P, Hedayati MT. Hip and Core Muscle Activation During High-Load Core Stabilization Exercises. Sports Health. 2022.

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Kim B, Yim J. Tohoku J Core Stability and Hip Exercises Improve Physical Function and Activity in Patients with Non-Specific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Exp Med. 2020.

Kim K-J. Effects of core muscle strengthening training on flexibility, muscular strength and driver shot performance in female professional golfers. Int J of Appl Sports Sci. 2010.

Kim YS, Lee N. Comparative analysis of core muscle activation according to the use of props and the different knee angle during the modified Pilates Hundred. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2021.

Ko KJ, Ha GC, Yook YS, Kang SJ. Effects of 12-week lumbar stabilization exercise and sling exercise on lumbosacral region angle, lumbar muscle strength, and pain scale of patients with chronic low back pain. Journal of Phys Ther Science 2018;30:18-22 ct. Wong, rj on muselon antares See en a ee i care ot. tae Kim SY, Ya tin BG Kang EK Etec feng eterno ost uy Updated August 2022.

Kolar P, Safarova M. Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization. In: Clinical Rehabilitation, Prague: Rehabilitation Prague School; : 262-265. 2013.

Kuhn L, Weberruss H, Horstmann T. Effects of core stability training on throwing velocity and core strength in female handball players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2019.

Kumar T, Kumar S, Nezamuddin M, Sharma VP. Efficacy of core muscle strengthening exercise in chronic low back pain patients. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2015.

Kwok WY, So BC, Psycharakis SG, Ng SS. The Effect of The 8-Week Core Muscle Training in Swimming Time, Swimming Force and Core Muscle Activity Among Swimmers: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Sports Sci Med. 2025.

Lederman E. The myth of core stability. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2010.

Lederman, E., The myth of core stability. J Bodyw Mov Ther, 2010. 14(1): p. 84-98 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt..08.001. 2009.

Lee K. Effects of Core Stability Training on Deep Stabilizing Muscle Function and Neuromuscular Control. Medicina (Kaunas). 2025.

Lee SH, Lee SG, Choi BR. Effect of trunk stabilization exercises on trunk muscle activation using different respiratory conditions. Journal of Phys Ther Science ;30:567-9. 2018.

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Leppänen M, Viiala J, Kaikkonen P, Tokola K, Vasankari T, Nigg BM, Krosshaug T, Werthner P, Parkkari J, Pasanen K. Hip and core exercise programme prevents running-related overuse injuries in adult novice recreational runners: a three-arm randomised controlled trial (Run RCT). Br J Sports Med. 2024.

Liang IJ, Lin LL, Huang CC. The Effects of Different Core Stability Training on Trunk Stability and Athletic Performance in Adolescent Female Basketball Players. J Sport Rehabil. 2025.

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Liu Y, Liu J, Liu M, Wang M. The effect of blood flow restriction training on core muscle strength and pain in male collegiate athletes with chronic non-specific low back pain. Front Public Health. 2025.

Liu, Q., Zhu, C. & Huang, Q. Effects of sling exercise on the core endurance and performance of basketball players. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, ; 29. 2022.

Luk JTC, Kwok FKC, Ho IMK, Wong DP. Acute Responses of Core Muscle Activity during Bridge Exercises on the Floor vs. the Suspension System. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021.

Luo, S., et al., Effect of Core Training on Skill Performance Among Athletes: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol, 2022. 13: p. 915259 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys..915259. 2022.

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Lyons KD, Parks AG, Dadematthews O, Zandieh N, McHenry P, Games KE, Goodlett MD, Murrah W, Roper J, Sefton JM. Core and Whole Body Vibration Exercise Influences Muscle Sensitivity and Posture during a Military Foot March. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021.

Mamipour H, Farazmehr S, Negahban H, Nazary-Moghadam S, Dehghan-Manshadi F, Navi Nezhad M, Jafari S, Sharifzadeh M. Effect of Core Stabilization Exercises on Pain, Functional Disability, and Quality of Life in Pregnant Women With Lumbar and Pelvic Girdle Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2023.

Manchado C, Garcia-Ruiz J, Cortell-Tormo JM, Tortosa-Martinez J. Effect of core training on male handball players’ throwing velocity. J Hum Kinet. 2017.

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Martuscello JM, Nuzzo JL, Ashley CD, Campbell BI, Orriola JJ, Mayer JM. Systematic review of core muscle activity during physical fitness exercises. J Strength Cond Res. 2013.

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Mills JD, Taunton JE, Mills WA. The effect of a 10-week training regimen on lumbo-pelvic stability and athletic performance in female athletes: a randomized-controlled trail. Physl Ther inSport. 2005.

Mok NW, Yeung EW, Cho JC, Hui SC, Liu KC, Pang CH. Core muscle activity during suspension exercises. J Sci Med Sport. 2015.

Monfort-Panego M, Vera-Garcia FJ, Sanchez-Zuriaga D, Sarti-Martinez MA. Electromyographic studies in abdominal exercises: A literature synthesis. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 32: 232–244, 2009.

Monfort-Pañego M, Vera-García FJ, Sánchez-Zuriaga D, Sarti-Martínez MA.J Electromyographic studies in abdominal exercises: a literature synthesis. Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009.

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Mueller J, Hadzic M, Mugele H, Stoll J, Mueller S, Mayer F. Effect of high-intensity perturbations during core-specific sensorimotor exercises on trunk muscle activation. J Biomech. 2018.

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Nuzzo JL, McCaulley GO, Cormie P, Cavill MJ, McBride JM. Trunk muscle activity during stability ball and free weight exercises. J Strength Cond Res. 2008.

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Oliva-Lozano JM, Muyor JM. Core Muscle Activity During Physical Fitness Exercises: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020.

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Oliver GD, Stone AJ, Plummer H. Electromyographic examination of selected muscle activation during isometric core exercises. Clin J Sport Med. 2010.

Ozkul C, Eldemir K, Eldemir S, Yildirim MS, Saygili F, Guclu-Gunduz A, Irkec C. Functional Performance, Leg Muscle Strength, and Core Muscle Endurance in Multiple Sclerosis Patients With Mild Disability: A Cross-Sectional Study. Motor Control. 2022.

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Wang X, Song WJ, Ruan Y, Li BC, Lü C, Huang N, Fang FF, Gu W. Core muscle functional strength training for reducing the risk of low back pain in military recruits: An open-label randomized controlled trial. J Integr Med. 2022.

Wang Y, Li H, Zhang D, Zhao T, Liu Z, Chen J, Gong M, Pan J, Lu L, Jin S. Core Training for Pain Management and Functional Improvement in Patients With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2024.

Werasirirat P, Namsawang J, Singhasoot N, Luangpon N, Snieckus A, Muanjai P. J Back Effect of blood flow restriction training with core stabilization exercise on muscle activity and muscle thickness in subjects with nonspecific chronic low back pain. Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2025.

Weston M, Hibbs AE, Thompson KG, Spears IR. Isolated core training improves sprint performance in national-level junior swimmers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2015.

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Willardson JM. Core stability training: applications to sports conditioning programs. J Strength Cond Res. 2007.

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Clinical rehabilitation

Anderson BE, Bliven KCH. The Use of Breathing Exercises in the Treatment of Chronic, Nonspecific Low Back Pain. J Sport Rehabil. 2017.

Arcanjo FL, Martins JVP, Moté P, Leporace G, Oliveira DA, Sousa CS, Saquetto MB, Gomes-Neto M. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation training reduces pain and disability in individuals with chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2022.

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Assefi, K. J. Sherman, C. Jacobsen, J. Goldberg, and D. Buchwald, “A randomized clinical trial of acupuncture compared with sham acupuncture in fibromyalgia,” Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 143, no. 1, pp. 10–19, Jul. 2005.

Baker, K. Bennell, B. Stillman, S. Cowan, and K. Crossley, “Abnormal knee joint position sense in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome,” J Orthop Res, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 208–214, Mar. 2002.

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Jung KM, Choi JD. The Effects of Active Shoulder Exercise with a Sling Suspension System ‘on Shoulder Subluxation, Proprioception, and Upper Extremity Function in Patients with Acute ‘Stroke. Medical science monitor.;25;4849-4855. 2019.

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Maeland, H. B. Lillefjell, M. Haugli, H. Holte, og I. Harboe, “Evaluation of a guidelines implementation intervention to reduce work disability and sick leave: A cluster randomized trial,” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 2022.

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WANG Chun-hua, FAN Tao-lin, ZHOU Wen-ying, CHEN Dong-dong, XU Long, & YANG Yan-wen. Study on efficacy of lower limb motor function of sling exercise therapy combined with kinesio taping on dyskinetic cerebral palsy. Chinese Journal of Child Health Care, ; 29(7): 763-766. ran herent. 2021.

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Sports and performance

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Karpouzi C, Kosmidis I, Petridou A, Voulgaridou G, Papadopoulou SK, Bogdanis GC, Mougios V. Effects of Protein Supplementation During High-Intensity Functional Training on Physical Performance in Recreationally Trained Males and Females: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2025.

Kokstejn J, Musalek M, Wolanski P, Murawska-Cialowicz E, Stastny P. Fundamental motor skills mediate the relationship between physical fitness and soccer-specific motor skills in young soccer players. Front Physiol. 2019.

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Marshall RN, Elliott BC. Long-axis rotation: the missing link in proximal-to-distal segmental sequencing. J Sports Sci. 2000.

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Moran J, Sandercock G, Ramirez-Campillo R, Clark CCT, Fer-nandes JFT, Drury B. A Meta-analysis of resistance training in female youth: its effect on muscular strength, and shortcomings in the literature. Sports Med. 2018.

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Seiler S, Skaanes PT, Kirkesola G, Katch FI. Effects of sling exercise training on maximal clubhead velocity in junior golfers. Med Sci Sports Exerc, ; 38: S286. 2006.

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Suchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Bellon CR, Stone MH. The importance of muscular strength: training considerations. Sports Med. 2018.

Suchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Stone MH. The importance of muscular strength in athletic performance. Sports Med. 2016.

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Thiele D, Prieske O, Chaabene H, Granacher U. Effects of strength training on physical fitness and sport-specific performance in recreational, sub-elite, and elite rowers: A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Sports Sci. 2020.

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Apps, AI and digital health

Adesso SE, “Prevention apps and the German prevention guidelines,” Adesso Whitepaper, 2024.

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Chuter VH, Janse de Jonge XA. Proximal and distal contributions to lower extremity injury: a review of the literature. Gait Posture. 2012.

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He Z, Wu H, Zhao G, Zhang Y, Li C, Xing Y, Xu A, Yang J, Wang R. The effectiveness of digital technology-based Otago Exercise Program on balance ability, muscle strength and fall efficacy in the elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2025.

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Hutting, J. B. Staal, J. A. Engels, Y. F. Heerkens, S. I. Detaille, og M. W. G. Nijhuis-van der Sanden, “Effect evaluation of a self-management programme for employees with complaints of the arm, neck or shoulder: a randomised controlled trial,” Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol. 72, pp. 852–861, Sep. 2015.

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Liu, R. Menhas, J. Dai, Z. A. Saqib, and X. Peng, “Fitness apps, live streaming workout classes, and virtual reality fitness for physical activity during the COVID-19 lockdown: An empirical study,” Frontiers in Public Health, vol. 10, Art. 852311, Jun. 2022.

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Preventive health / occupational health

Bundesministerium für Gesundheit, “Germany’s Preventive Health Care Act and National Prevention Strategy,” Publikasjon, Berlin, 2019.

Crawford JO, Graveling R, Davis A, Giagloglou E, Fernandes M, Markowska A, Jones M, Fries-Tersch E. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: from research to practice. What can be learnt? European Agency for Safety and Health at Work – EU-OSHA. Publications Office of the European Union, © European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. http://europa.eu. 2020.

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